To scatter a photon the field must act twice,
once to annihilate the initial state photon and once to create the final state photon.
Since the quantized field contains both creation and annihilation operators,
The matrix element of the
term to go from a photon of wave vector
and an atomic state
to a
scattered photon of wave vector
and an atomic state
is particularly simple since it contains
no atomic coordinates or momenta.
The cross section for photon scattering is then given by the
This result can be specialized for the case of elastic scattering, with the help of some commutators.
Lord Rayleigh calculated low energy elastic scattering of light from atoms using classical electromagnetism.
If the energy of the scattered photon is less than the energy needed to excite the atom,
then the cross section is proportional to
, so that blue light scatters more than red light does in the
colorless gasses in our atmosphere.
If the energy of the scattered photon is much bigger than the binding energy of the atom,
eV.
then the cross section approaches that for scattering from a free electron, Thomson Scattering.
Jim Branson 2013-04-22